Formulas suck Vlad. I like to pretend they don’t exist and we as humans just randomly throw numbers and shit together to make all this up, yet still make cool things that work :lol 1320(John???) nailed it on the head on all accounts though, no need to go into depth any further than he did.
Some companies(like VAG) also released their data showing how the newer DI motors have a bit higher VE as well. It’s pretty cool shit looking at CFD comparisons of some dino four banger to a 2.0FSI
Fluid dynamics is fun :lol Ug brain hurts just mentioning that…