Why exhaust leaks screw up o2 sensor readings

that’s not the only reason that ambient air comes in. It’s mainly due to an “entrained gas” effect.

Similar to how orienting the ends of two straws at a 90 degree angle, then submerging the free end of one into liquid, while continuously blowing into the remaining end will create a negative pressure zone large enough to raise the water up the straw and then spray all over. This is a continuous stream of air. Not a pulse with a trailing low pressure zone.

This is the principle that an eductor pump operates on:
http://www.eductor.net/2m6-2.jpg